Conference Abstract | Volume 9 (ConfPro8): Abstract 106 | Published: 13 Oct 2026
Tiwalade Oluyemisi Sobowale-Ikonne1,2,&, Gabriel Adewumi Dedeke3
1Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun, Nigeria, 2Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun, Nigeria, 3Zoology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun, Nigeria
&Corresponding author: Tiwalade Oluyemisi Sobowale-Ikonne, Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun, Nigeria, Email: tiwaladesobowale@yahoo.com
Received: 11 Mar 2026, Accepted: 30 Aug 2026, Published: 13 Oct 2026
Domain: Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Keywords: Amphibians, zoonotic, One Health, food safety
©Tiwalade Oluyemisi Sobowale-Ikonne et al. Journal of Interventional Epidemiology and Public Health (ISSN: 2664-2824). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Cite this article: Tiwalade Oluyemisi Sobowale-Ikonne et al,. Enteric bacteria of toads: Implication for public health and One Health. Journal of Interventional Epidemiology and Public Health. 2026;9(ConfPro8):106. https://doi.org/10.37432/JIEPH-CONFPRO8-00106
Toads (Bufo species) are amphibians, known to alternate between the aquatic and terrestrial habitats. They live in close proximity with humans, especially during the rainy seasons. They are eaten as delicacies in some parts of the world. Children hunt them and play with them. However, toads are reservoirs of zoonotic infections and could transmit some bacteria to humans through environmental pollution of water source. They could also compromise food safety through cross-contamination during food handling. Enteric bacteria infection are a public health challenge because of the interaction between the environment, human health and animal health as depicted by the one health model. This study aim to identify the bacteria flora of toads gut and to create an awareness on the need for safety awareness in order to interrupt the enteric bacteria transmission to humans.
Toads were collected and put in aerated cylinders and transferred to the laboratory. The toads were anaesthezed with chloroform in desiccators for twenty minutes and were rinsed with distilled water. They were pinned down on a dissecting board to expose their ventral surface which was swabbed with alcohol. Dissection was done with sterile scissors and forceps, and the gut was removed aseptically. The gut regions were cut open with a sterile scalpel. Inocuum was collected from the esophagus, stomach, small-intestine and streaked onto culture media (Nutrient, Mac Conkey agar) while rectum inoculm was streaked on Deoxycholate agar. The plates were incubated. The isolated bacteria were characterized and analyzed.
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